Answer all questions in Sections A, B, C, and D.

Section A

Instructions: Choose the option that best completes each statement.

1. The main aim of the course Introduction to Language and Literacy is to prepare student teachers to…
   A. focus only on examinations
   B. use language effectively to enhance literacy development among learners
   C. avoid communication in the classroom
   D. depend only on textbooks
2. Language in the classroom is important because it helps teachers to…
   A. punish learners
   B. communicate effectively with diverse learners
   C. ignore learners’ needs
   D. reduce interaction
3. Literacy can best be described as the ability to…
   A. speak only
   B. read, write and understand information
   C. listen only
   D. memorize content
4. One key responsibility of every teacher regardless of specialization is to…
   A. ignore language issues
   B. promote language and literacy among learners
   C. focus only on subject content
   D. avoid communication
5. Understanding how children acquire language helps teachers to…
   A. complicate lessons
   B. teach effectively at learners’ level
   C. ignore learners
   D. use one method only
6. A major challenge in Ghanaian classrooms is that teachers…
   A. are well trained in communication
   B. are not adequately trained to handle diverse language needs
   C. are overqualified
   D. avoid teaching
7. Ghana is described as a multilingual society because…
   A. only one language is spoken
   B. many languages are spoken
   C. no language is spoken
   D. only English is used
8. One misconception about language teaching is that…
   A. L1 supports learning
   B. using L1 does not promote learning
   C. language helps communication
   D. learners understand better in familiar language
9. Language refers to…
   A. symbols used for communication
   B. only speech
   C. only writing
   D. only reading
10. Literacy development begins at the…
    A. university level
    B. early childhood stage
    C. adulthood stage
    D. secondary level
11. The foundation stage of literacy development focuses on…
    A. advanced reading
    B. basic language skills
    C. research writing
    D. academic essays
12. Beginning literacy involves…
    A. reading and writing simple texts
    B. advanced analysis
    C. research
    D. debates
13. Fluency in literacy refers to…
    A. inability to read
    B. smooth and accurate reading
    C. memorization
    D. silence
14. Literacy for growth focuses on…
    A. basic reading only
    B. using literacy for learning across subjects
    C. avoiding reading
    D. copying notes
15. One major challenge to literacy development among learners is…
    A. availability of books
    B. language barriers
    C. teacher support
    D. motivation
16. The behaviourist theory of language acquisition emphasizes…
    A. imitation and reinforcement
    B. innate knowledge
    C. social interaction only
    D. emotions
17. The cognitivist theory focuses on…
    A. punishment
    B. mental processes in language learning
    C. imitation only
    D. repetition only
18. Developmental theory suggests that language acquisition occurs through…
    A. stages of development
    B. punishment
    C. memorization
    D. isolation
19. The pre-language stage in L1 acquisition is characterized by…
    A. full sentences
    B. crying and cooing
    C. reading
    D. writing
20. The one-word stage involves…
    A. complete sentences
    B. use of single words
    C. writing paragraphs
    D. silence
21. The two-word stage is when children…
    A. use gestures only
    B. combine two words
    C. write essays
    D. read books
22. The telegraphic stage involves…
    A. long sentences
    B. short meaningful phrases
    C. silence
    D. repetition
23. One determinant of L1 acquisition is…
    A. punishment
    B. parental speech
    C. isolation
    D. lack of interaction
24. Cognitive development influences language acquisition by…
    A. reducing learning
    B. enhancing understanding
    C. preventing communication
    D. discouraging learners
25. L2 acquisition differs from L1 acquisition because…
    A. it occurs naturally
    B. it is often learned formally
    C. it is not learned
    D. it is ignored
26. The pre-production stage of L2 acquisition involves…
    A. fluent speech
    B. little or no speech
    C. writing essays
    D. debates
27. Speech emergence stage is when learners…
    A. are silent
    B. begin to communicate meaningfully
    C. avoid speaking
    D. write books
28. Advanced fluency means learners can…
    A. not speak
    B. communicate effectively in all contexts
    C. only listen
    D. avoid interaction
29. Bilingual education refers to…
    A. using one language
    B. using two languages in teaching
    C. avoiding language
    D. ignoring learners
30. Transitional bilingual education aims to…
    A. replace L1 with L2 gradually
    B. eliminate L2
    C. ignore both languages
    D. focus only on L1
31. Immersion programmes involve…
    A. teaching in L1 only
    B. teaching mainly in L2
    C. avoiding language
    D. using gestures
32. Submersion occurs when learners…
    A. are supported
    B. are forced to learn in L2 without support
    C. use L1 fully
    D. are guided
33. Maintenance bilingual education promotes…
    A. loss of L1
    B. development of both L1 and L2
    C. only L2
    D. no language
34. The language policy in Ghana encourages…
    A. use of L1 in early grades
    B. use of foreign language only
    C. no language
    D. punishment
35. One challenge of implementing language policy in Ghana is…
    A. teacher competence
    B. availability of teachers
    C. support
    D. training
36. A good literacy teacher is one who…
    A. ignores learners
    B. understands learners’ language needs
    C. punishes learners
    D. avoids communication
37. One role of a literacy teacher is to…
    A. discourage reading
    B. promote reading and writing
    C. ignore learners
    D. avoid teaching
38. School visits help student teachers to…
    A. relax only
    B. observe real classroom practices
    C. avoid learning
    D. ignore teaching
39. Group work in language learning promotes…
    A. isolation
    B. collaboration
    C. punishment
    D. silence
40. Brainstorming helps learners to…
    A. limit ideas
    B. generate ideas
    C. avoid thinking
    D. memorize
41. Observation as a teaching method helps teachers to…
    A. ignore learners
    B. understand learners better
    C. punish learners
    D. avoid interaction
42. The use of ICT in language learning helps to…
    A. reduce learning
    B. enhance communication and literacy
    C. discourage learners
    D. limit teaching
43. Diversity in the classroom means learners…
    A. are the same
    B. have different backgrounds and abilities
    C. are identical
    D. behave the same
44. Effective communication in teaching requires…
    A. ignoring learners
    B. adapting language to learners’ level
    C. speaking only English
    D. punishment
45. Literacy development is important because it…
    A. limits knowledge
    B. supports learning across subjects
    C. discourages learners
    D. reduces thinking
46. A reflective teacher is one who…
    A. ignores feedback
    B. evaluates their teaching practices
    C. avoids learning
    D. rejects ideas
47. Collaboration among teachers helps to…
    A. reduce teaching quality
    B. improve teaching practices
    C. discourage learners
    D. create conflict
48. Language acquisition is influenced by…
    A. environment and interaction
    B. isolation
    C. punishment
    D. silence
49. One goal of literacy education is to…
    A. reduce knowledge
    B. empower learners
    C. discourage reading
    D. limit skills
50. The ultimate aim of language and literacy education is to…
    A. promote memorization only
    B. develop effective communicators
    C. reduce interaction
    D. avoid communication

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Section B (5 Marks)

Instructions: Write True or False.

51. Language and literacy are the same concept.
52. Teachers must consider learners’ language backgrounds.
53. L1 has no role in learning.
54. Literacy supports learning across subjects.
55. Observation is not useful in teaching.

 

SECTION C

 

1. Mention two (2) challenges associated with the implementation of language policies in Ghana.

2. Distinguish between Language and a language.

3. State two (2) reasons why there are differences in exact number of languages in Ghana.

4. Mention the two types of transitional bilingual education in practice.

5. What is the difference between Dialect and Idiolect?

6. Discuss four (4) key qualities of an effective literacy teacher.

7. Explain four (4) implications of the Behaviourist Theory for language and literacy instruction.

8. Choose any four (4) of Jakobson’s six functions of language and discuss how each one contributes to communication in society, using relevant examples.

 

6. With appropriate illustrations, discuss four (4) problems associated with language policy implementation in Ghana.

7. Examine four (4) misconceptions in language and literacy.

8. Describe the chronicle of language-in-education policy in Ghana using the three broad periods.

 

MARKING SCHEME

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. B
15. B
16. A
17. B
18. A
19. B
20. B
21. B
22. B
23. B
24. B
25. B
26. B
27. B
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. B
32. B
33. B
34. A
35. A
36. B
37. B
38. B
39. B
40. B
41. B
42. B
43. B
44. B
45. B
46. B
47. B
48. A
49. B
50. B

 

Section B Answers

51. False
52. True
53. False
54. True
55. False