- Which of the following best describes human growth?
A. Qualitative change in behaviour
B. Quantitative increase in size and structure
C. Development of emotional skills
D. Social skill acquisition - Human development refers to:
A. Physical growth only
B. Overall changes in physical, mental, and emotional abilities
C. Mental growth alone
D. Maturation - Maturation can best be described as:
A. Acquiring knowledge through experience
B. Genetically programmed biological changes
C. Social skill improvement
D. Cultural adaptation - Which principle of growth states that development proceeds from head to toe?
A. Proximodistal
B. Cephalocaudal
C. Intermodal
D. Sequential - The principle of growth that development occurs from the center of the body outward is:
A. Cephalocaudal
B. Proximodistal
C. Sequential
D. Maturation - A threat caused by malnutrition during pregnancy is classified as:
A. Environmental threat
B. Biological threat
C. Social threat
D. Developmental delay - A learner exposed to extreme poverty and poor housing conditions is experiencing:
A. Biological threat
B. Environmental threat
C. Genetic threat
D. Prenatal abnormality - Which is NOT a cause of abnormality?
A. Genetic factors
B. Environmental hazards
C. Consistent use of appropriate teaching methods
D. Birth injuries - The prenatal stage refers to:
A. Birth to 2 years
B. Conception to birth
C. Birth to adolescence
D. Early childhood - The perinatal stage refers to:
A. Conception to birth
B. Period shortly before, during, and after birth
C. First year of life
D. Adolescence - Which chromosome combination determines a male foetus?
A. XX
B. XY
C. YY
D. XO - The part of development concerned with reasoning and problem-solving is:
A. Physical
B. Socio-emotional
C. Cognitive
D. Motor - Which domain of development involves empathy, cooperation, and emotional regulation?
A. Physical
B. Socio-emotional
C. Cognitive
D. Biological - The domain involving muscle coordination and body growth is:
A. Physical
B. Cognitive
C. Socio-emotional
D. Developmental - Varying learning styles in a classroom require:
A. One method for all learners
B. Differentiated instructional strategies
C. Ignoring learner differences
D. Strict discipline - Which learning style prefers using diagrams, charts, and videos?
A. Auditory
B. Visual
C. Kinesthetic
D. Verbal - Learners who prefer learning through physical activity are:
A. Visual learners
B. Auditory learners
C. Kinesthetic learners
D. Reflective learners - A learner who remembers best through listening and discussions is:
A. Visual learner
B. Auditory learner
C. Kinesthetic learner
D. Logical learner - Positive reinforcement involves:
A. Giving punishment for misbehaviour
B. Ignoring correct responses
C. Rewarding desired behaviour to encourage repetition
D. Removing privileges - The motivation that comes from personal satisfaction is:
A. Extrinsic motivation
B. Intrinsic motivation
C. Negative motivation
D. Physical motivation - Using rewards such as praise, certificates, and tokens is an example of:
A. Extrinsic motivation
B. Intrinsic motivation
C. Biological drive
D. Self-motivation - Applying democratic principles in teaching means:
A. Teacher always decides everything
B. Giving learners a voice and promoting fairness
C. Ignoring learner input
D. Allowing learners to misbehave - Which factor is NOT a biological threat to development?
A. Genetic defects
B. Infectious diseases
C. Poor maternal nutrition
D. Air pollution - Which of the following is an environmental threat to development?
A. Exposure to toxic chemicals
B. Birth defects
C. Genetic mutation
D. Inherited disorders - The main educational implication of different learning styles is that teachers should:
A. Use lectures for all learners
B. Group students by ability only
C. Adapt teaching to meet varied preferences
D. Reduce curriculum content - Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?
A. Studying a topic because it is personally interesting
B. Doing homework to avoid punishment
C. Working for a cash prize
D. Competing only to win a medal - Which type of motivation relies on external rewards or punishments?
A. Intrinsic motivation
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. Self-motivation
D. Social drive - A child’s ability to understand right and wrong is part of:
A. Physical development
B. Socio-emotional development
C. Cognitive development
D. Motor development - Which is a correct order of human growth stages?
A. Prenatal → Adulthood → Adolescence → Childhood
B. Prenatal → Infancy → Childhood → Adolescence → Adulthood
C. Childhood → Prenatal → Adolescence → Adulthood
D. Adolescence → Childhood → Adulthood → Prenatal - The principle that development occurs in a predictable order is called:
A. Cephalocaudal
B. Proximodistal
C. Sequential
D. Maturation - Which of the following best describes “learning”?
A. A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
B. A short-term memorisation process
C. A biological growth process
D. A sudden burst of knowledge - The belief that intelligence can be developed through effort is called:
A. Growth mindset
B. Fixed mindset
C. Motivation theory
D. Learning style - Which of the following is an example of a biological threat to foetal development?
A. Poor sanitation
B. Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
C. Peer influence
D. Poor teaching methods - The stage of development between ages 12–18 is:
A. Adolescence
B. Infancy
C. Early childhood
D. Middle childhood - A student who learns best by experimenting and doing tasks is a:
A. Auditory learner
B. Visual learner
C. Kinesthetic learner
D. Linguistic learner - Differentiated instruction in a diverse classroom is important because:
A. It reduces lesson preparation time
B. It addresses the varying needs and abilities of learners
C. It makes all learners learn in the same way
D. It prevents group work - Which of the following is NOT a domain of development?
A. Cognitive
B. Technological
C. Physical
D. Socio-emotional - Which of these is an educational implication of the physical domain?
A. Designing cooperative learning activities
B. Considering learners’ motor abilities in physical tasks
C. Encouraging group discussions
D. Teaching critical thinking - Which is the correct chromosome combination for a female?
A. XY
B. XX
C. YY
D. XO - Which hormone is most responsible for male sexual development?
A. Estrogen
B. Testosterone
C. Progesterone
D. Insulin - Which term refers to the fertilised egg during the first two weeks after conception?
A. Foetus
B. Zygote
C. Embryo
D. Gamete - A child’s vocabulary expansion during early childhood is part of:
A. Physical development
B. Cognitive development
C. Emotional development
D. Socialisation - Motivation that is based on avoiding negative consequences is:
A. Negative motivation
B. Positive motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Growth mindset - Which of the following is a principle of human development?
A. Development occurs randomly
B. Development is continuous
C. Development stops after adolescence
D. Development is purely physical - Which is NOT an environmental threat to development?
A. Pollution
B. Poor housing
C. Genetic disorder
D. Malnutrition due to poor farming - Which of the following is a characteristic of adolescence?
A. Decrease in cognitive ability
B. Search for identity
C. Reduced social interaction
D. Decline in motor skills - Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour?
A. Positive reinforcement
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Punishment
D. Shaping - The process of guiding learners to gradually acquire a skill by reinforcing closer approximations of the desired behaviour is called:
A. Modelling
B. Shaping
C. Conditioning
D. Observational learning - A teacher using group work to promote collaboration is applying:
A. Punishment theory
B. Social learning principles
C. Cephalocaudal principle
D. Proximodistal principle - Which is an example of inclusive education?
A. Teaching learners with and without disabilities in the same classroom
B. Separating learners based on ability
C. Having only high achievers in class
D. Ignoring special educational need
51. Which of the following is a key principle of action research?
A. Ignoring feedback from participants
B. Focusing solely on theoretical frameworks
C. Continuous reflection and improvement
D. Avoiding collaboration with others
Answer: C
52. In action research, the cycle usually begins with:
A. Data analysis
B. Planning
C. Reflection
D. Literature review
Answer: B
53. The main purpose of inquiry in education is to:
A. Assign grades to students
B. Gather information to improve teaching and learning
C. Reduce teacher workload
D. Replace the curriculum
Answer: B
54. Which of these is NOT a stage in the action research cycle?
A. Planning
B. Acting
C. Ignoring results
D. Reflecting
Answer: C
55. Which data collection method is most suitable for observing classroom interactions?
A. Questionnaires
B. Observation checklists
C. Audio recordings only
D. Experiments
Answer: B
56. One major characteristic of action research is that it is:
A. Detached and impersonal
B. Conducted by external experts only
C. Collaborative and participatory
D. Focused on laboratory experiments
Answer: C
57. In action research, reflection helps to:
A. Repeat the same mistakes
B. Improve future practice
C. Avoid planning
D. Skip data analysis
Answer: B
58. The most important reason for involving students in action research is to:
A. Reduce teacher responsibilities
B. Get students’ perspectives
C. Avoid external evaluation
D. Make teaching easier
Answer: B
59. Which type of research seeks solutions to immediate classroom problems?
A. Basic research
B. Action research
C. Historical research
D. Descriptive research
Answer: B
60. A reflective journal in action research is used to:
A. Keep student attendance records
B. Record personal teaching experiences and observations
C. Plan school events
D. Replace lesson notes
Answer: B
61. The term “triangulation” in research refers to:
A. Using multiple data sources or methods to confirm findings
B. Drawing triangles in graphs
C. Avoiding repetition
D. Using three participants only
Answer: A
62. Which of these is a limitation of action research?
A. Immediate relevance to practice
B. Limited generalizability of findings
C. Encouraging teacher reflection
D. Improving instructional strategies
Answer: B
63. A teacher conducting action research should ensure ethical considerations such as:
A. Ignoring confidentiality
B. Seeking informed consent
C. Hiding data from participants
D. Avoiding participant feedback
Answer: B
64. The “acting” stage in the action research cycle involves:
A. Reviewing literature
B. Implementing planned interventions
C. Writing a report before data collection
D. Assigning grades to students
Answer: B
65. Which type of data is collected through interviews?
A. Quantitative data
B. Numerical data
C. Qualitative data
D. Statistical data
Answer: C
66. Which is the BEST reason for using mixed methods in research?
A. To increase research cost
B. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the problem
C. To make analysis more difficult
D. To reduce validity
Answer: B
67. In the reflection stage of action research, the teacher should:
A. Evaluate the impact of the intervention
B. Avoid reviewing data
C. Focus only on student grades
D. Skip future planning
Answer: A
68. A hypothesis in research is:
A. A guess without evidence
B. A testable prediction
C. A list of research tools
D. A summary of the report
Answer: B
69. In educational inquiry, reliability refers to:
A. The accuracy of measuring instruments
B. The consistency of results over time
C. The relevance of the research topic
D. The popularity of the researcher
Answer: B
70. Which sampling technique ensures every member has an equal chance of selection?
A. Purposive sampling
B. Random sampling
C. Snowball sampling
D. Convenience sampling
Answer: B
71. Which of these is NOT a data collection tool?
A. Questionnaire
B. Interview schedule
C. Experiment
D. Observation checklist
Answer: C
72. The first step in planning an action research project is to:
A. Collect data immediately
B. Identify and define the problem
C. Prepare the final report
D. Analyze results
Answer: B
73. Which of the following best describes qualitative data?
A. Measured in numbers
B. Descriptive and non-numerical
C. Always obtained through experiments
D. Used only in scientific research
Answer: B
74. Which is NOT an advantage of action research?
A. Improves teaching practices
B. Encourages teacher development
C. Provides quick classroom solutions
D. Ensures universal applicability of results
Answer: D
75. Which part of the action research cycle focuses on making changes to practice?
A. Planning
B. Acting
C. Reflecting
D. Reviewing literature
Answer: B
76. A case study in research focuses on:
A. Many cases at once
B. A single case or a few cases in depth
C. Experimental control
D. Statistical trends only
Answer: B
77. The purpose of literature review is to:
A. Avoid reading other research
B. Summarize and analyze existing knowledge on a topic
C. Write personal opinions only
D. Replace data collection
Answer: B
78. Which is the most appropriate tool for collecting numerical data?
A. Interview
B. Questionnaire with closed-ended questions
C. Observation notes
D. Focus group discussion
Answer: B
79. Validity in research refers to:
A. The truthfulness or accuracy of findings
B. The popularity of the topic
C. The number of respondents
D. The cost of the project
Answer: A
80. In research ethics, anonymity means:
A. Participants’ identities are protected
B. Participants sign their names on all forms
C. The researcher hides their own identity
D. The researcher avoids data analysis
Answer: A
81. Which of these is a primary source of data?
A. Textbooks
B. Published journals
C. Direct observation
D. Encyclopedias
Answer: C
82. In action research, the teacher acts as:
A. A passive observer
B. An active participant
C. A supervisor only
D. A statistician only
Answer: B
83. Which of these is an example of qualitative research?
A. Surveying students’ grades
B. Interviewing teachers about challenges in teaching
C. Counting the number of textbooks in a school
D. Measuring attendance rates
Answer: B
84. The term “data analysis” in research means:
A. Gathering raw facts
B. Summarizing and interpreting collected information
C. Avoiding interpretation of results
D. Writing questions for a test
Answer: B
85. Which of these is a feature of participatory action research?
A. Excluding stakeholders from the process
B. Involving community members in identifying problems and solutions
C. Conducting research alone in the office
D. Ignoring participants’ feedback
Answer: B
86. Which type of interview uses a fixed set of questions?
A. Structured interview
B. Unstructured interview
C. Informal interview
D. Focus group
Answer: A
87. A key difference between qualitative and quantitative research is:
A. Quantitative research uses words; qualitative uses numbers
B. Qualitative research uses words; quantitative uses numbers
C. Both use only numbers
D. Both use only words
Answer: B
88. The term “findings” in research refers to:
A. Literature review
B. Results obtained from data analysis
C. The research title
D. The introduction section
Answer: B
89. Which of the following best represents a research problem?
A. “How can peer tutoring improve mathematics performance in JHS?”
B. “Mathematics is difficult”
C. “Many students dislike maths”
D. “Teachers need training”
Answer: A
90. The term “sampling frame” means:
A. The list of all individuals in the population from which the sample is drawn
B. A chart showing research stages
C. A table of results
D. A plan for data analysis
Answer: A
91. Which type of research is most likely to use experiments?
A. Historical research
B. Experimental research
C. Descriptive research
D. Case study research
Answer: B
92. Which is NOT a characteristic of action research?
A. Problem-focused
B. Theoretical only
C. Cyclical process
D. Reflective
Answer: B
93. Which of the following tools is best for assessing student opinions?
A. Test
B. Questionnaire
C. Checklist
D. Experiment
Answer: B
94. Which type of variable is manipulated in experimental research?
A. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable
C. Control variable
D. Confounding variable
Answer: B
95. Which is the best reason for using observation in classroom research?
A. It provides first-hand information on actual behavior
B. It reduces teacher workload
C. It avoids note-taking
D. It is quicker than all other methods
Answer: A
96. In action research, collaboration means:
A. Working together with stakeholders to solve problems
B. Allowing only the researcher to decide everything
C. Avoiding input from participants
D. Writing the report alone
Answer: A
97. Which type of research focuses on past events?
A. Descriptive research
B. Historical research
C. Experimental research
D. Correlational research
Answer: B
98. A pilot study is conducted to:
A. Replace the main research
B. Test the feasibility of the research design and tools
C. Train research assistants only
D. Avoid ethical issues
Answer: B
99. In action research, an intervention is:
A. The action taken to address the identified problem
B. The act of collecting literature
C. The process of writing the conclusion
D. A random classroom activity
Answer: A
100. The most important outcome of action research is:
A. Improved classroom practice and student learning
B. Publishing in international journals only
C. Winning research awards
D. Avoiding teaching duties
Answer: A
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Define human growth and human development. How do they differ from maturation? Give two classroom examples to illustrate your answer.
2. State and explain four principles of human growth and development. Relate each principle to teaching in the basic school setting.
3. Outline the stages of human development from conception to postnatal life and discuss their educational implications.
4. How is the sex of a developing foetus determined? Explain how this knowledge may influence a teacher’s approach to gender inclusion in the classroom.
5. Describe the main features of cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical development from early grade to early adolescence. How should teachers adjust their teaching to support each area?
6. Identify two biological and two environmental threats to human growth and development. For each, explain one possible impact on a learner’s academic performance.
7. What are learning styles? Discuss strategies a teacher could use to cater for learners with different learning styles in an inclusive Junior High School classroom.
8. Explain the concept of motivation in learning. Give three practical techniques teachers can use to motivate learners with special educational needs (SEN).
9. Discuss three causes of abnormality in human development and suggest classroom interventions that can help affected learners succeed.
10. Why is differentiated assessment important in inclusive education? Provide two examples of how it can be implemented effectively in Junior High Schools.
11. Define learning styles and explain how a teacher can adapt instructional strategies to meet the needs of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners in an inclusive classroom.
12. Explain 5 techniques a teacher can use to motivate learners in inclusive and multi-grade classrooms
13. Identify and explain three biological threats and three environmental threats to human growth and development, indicating their possible effects on learning outcomes.
